Sometimes students complain to me that my American
History survey classes are an endless refrain of “race, race, race,” or “labor,
labor, labor,” or a combination of the two. And they are right, to an extent,
though I do cover other things as well… but those two topics have been huge
factors in American history, and they do often intersect.
I teach at Tennessee Tech University, my undergrad
alma mater, located a few miles from my home town (which is Sparta –TTU is in
nearby Cookeville.) I did my graduate work at the University of Illinois, at Champaign-Urbana;
the two regions are very different, in a lot of ways, not the least of which is
the communities’ viewpoints on organized labor. There is plenty of anti-union
sentiment in “Chambana” –we learned that when our graduate employees’ organization
went on strike (successfully) in 2009. But there was also plenty of pro-union
sentiment, and people from a wide range of backgrounds who refused to cross
picket lines. In the Upper Cumberland region of Tennessee, on the other hand,
there seems to be an almost universal feeling among the populace that unions
are ineffective, corrupt, and even evil. And that Tennessee is just not a union
place, and never has been.
And it’s no wonder they feel that way. Since I’m a
historian, here’s where I start throwing dates at you. In 1946 Republicans
gained control of both houses of Congress for the first time since the
beginning of the Depression –in other words, they were out of power for all
four of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s terms (his fourth one mostly filled by his
VP, Harry Truman, as FDR died not far into it.) Now that they were back in the
game, the GOP wanted to undo as many of FDR’s liberal accomplishments as
possible, starting with labor unions –which had grown considerably in the 1930s
and 1940s, helped by the Wagner Act (officially, the National Labor Relations
Act of 1935), which had legally secured many of the rights unions had been
fighting to achieve for decades. Organized labor stood at a high point at the
end of WWII, with one quarter of the American workforce unionized. During the
Roosevelt years, in fact, the general public perception of unions had shifted
from “they’re all a bunch of communist socialist foreign-influenced
troublemakers” (the 1920s, in some ways the most conservative decade in American
history) to “Look for the union label –made in America! Unions help preserve
freedom!” (WWII.)
In 1947 Congress passed an amendment to the 1935
Wagner Act, the Taft-Hartley Act (or, the Labor Management Relations Act of
1947.) President Truman vetoed it, but there were enough votes to override his
veto. The new law tilted the balance significantly away from labor and toward
management, in sundry ways –but one of the most significant was that it gave
individual states the right to pass “right-to-work” laws. The Wagner Act had
protected the “closed shop” –employers had to agree to hire only union workers.
Taft-Hartley made this illegal, but there was still the option to have “union
shops”, in which you didn’t have to be a union member to get a job, but you had
to join the union within a specified time period. “Right-to-work” laws outlawed
that system as well; in essence, you have the “right to work” without having to
join a union.
And on the surface, that doesn’t sound so bad, does
it? The very name has positive connotations –heck, everyone should have the
right to work, right?
Here is a little exercise I use in class to explain
the effects of late 19th century Taylorization, or scientific
management, on factory work (it took a lot of power away from specialized
craftsmen –the approach was nicknamed after its principal architect, Frederick
Winslow Taylor) as well as to demonstrate the practical effects of
“right-to-work.”
THE PAPER AIRPLANE FACTORY
All right, students-
this classroom is now a paper airplane factory, and I am the owner. Under the old
craftsman-and-apprentice way of doing things –in place till the late 19th
century –I would rely on a small number of skilled craftsmen to supervise the
building of my paper airplanes. They would serve as gang bosses, and have a
crew of apprentices. [at this point, I ask who knows how to make a paper
airplane –nowadays, a minority of students.] As owner, I don’t have to know
anything about how the process works, I just need to supply the funds.
Okay… all you folks who
have the specialized knowledge of how to make a paper airplane, you are gang
bosses; I’m going to pay you a dollar a day. The rest of the students are your
helpers, they get fifty cents a day. And good news, I’ve decided to give one
lucky gang boss a ten dollar bonus! We’re going to have a contest to see who
gets the prize. The first person to successfully make and launch a paper
airplane is the winner. I have helpers assigned to carefully monitor each of
you, to see how you do it. Now –go!
We have a winner –one
minute, forty-five seconds. Congratulations, you get the ten dollar prize!
Now- all you gang
bosses are fired. I have carefully observed and recorded your paper airplane
building technique, and I don’t need you anymore –now I have the manufacturing
knowledge. Plus, I now know it is humanly possible to make a paper airplane in
exactly one minute and forty-five seconds –so now that is what I expect from
all the rest of you, all day long. And I am cutting your wages to 35 cents a
day.
At this point I ask the
students if there is anything they could have done to prevent me from taking
those actions. The answer: they could have organized. If they had all stood
together, there is at least a chance they could have prevented the scenario
from working out so much to their detriment. How many of you wish you had
organized? [Just about everyone raises their hand.]
Now- how many of you
would have been willing, out of your fifty cents a day pay, to give ten cents
of it into a common fund to support your organizing actions? [Almost no one
raises their hand.]
Under a closed or union
shop, you’d all make the same investment in dues, and you’d have a common fund
to draw from to support any action you chose to take. Under right-to-work, or
an open shop, only those who volunteered to contribute would have to –and only
a small fraction would do so, maybe 10% at most. Let’s say there are a hundred
workers; in this scenario, you’d have a union, but it would only have ten
members –and it would not be strong enough to accomplish anything. Let’s say
you went on strike –ten percent of a workforce can be easily replaced. If you
did get any concessions, it would probably apply to the whole workforce
–meaning even less incentive for anyone to join, as they could get any
potential benefits (if there were any) with no personal risk. Plus, all of the
workers would have less security because they would have no powerful union to
protect their interests; it is no accident that right-to-work states are also
fire-at-will states. As President Obama put it, it is actually “the right to
work for less money.” It is also no accident that the decline in power (and
public prestige) of unions has been paralleled by decreasing power for workers.
Back to Taft-Hartley. The law was passed in 1947,
and states were allowed to pass right-to-work laws if they wished. Guess which
states did? States in the South, and parts of the West:
Note that Iowa is among the blue states; their right-to-work law was passed in the 1980s. Here is a more recent map, reflecting the recent laws passed in the Industrial Midwest: Indiana and Michigan have both joined the right-to-work column in 2013, thanks to Republican-dominated legislatures. There have been similar efforts, so far thwarted, in Wisconsin and Ohio.
Incidentally, here is a map of the poorest states as
of 2000, pre-Great Recession:
And here is a map showing the poverty levels in
2009, POST Great Recession:
Looking at all those maps shows us that the economic
downturn has hit the “Rust Belt” of the Industrial Midwest pretty hard, and
hasn’t spared the West Coast, either, as a lot of states have moved into
poverty since the recession hit.
But notice something else. As of 2000, of the twelve
states with the highest poverty rates, 8 had been right-to-work states for half
a century. That’s 2/3. Of the 12 states with the LOWEST poverty rate, only ONE
had a right-to-work law. Looking at the 12 NEXT-highest poverty states in 2000,
the “3rd Quartile,” 9 of them had right-to-work laws.
The right to work for less.
Of course, the 2009 map looks different…. Generally
speaking, all the states that had high poverty a decade earlier still did, but
several more had joined them- particularly in the Midwest, which was hit very
hard by the recession. This would explain why some residents in that area have
been influenced by the conservative media campaign telling them that unions
have not helped them, and that all their jobs have gone to right-to-work
states. But the fact is, looking at the longterm effects of right-to-work on
the South in particular, the longer a state operates under that system the
poorer its citizens get.
And what a media campaign it has been. For the first
time in my memory, teachers, firemen, and police have been painted as bad guys
–lazy, opportunistic parasites, sucking away your hard-earned tax dollars
because they are unionized. Those are the most important jobs in this country,
and I’ve never known anyone who filled them who was paid what that job ought to
be worth. Yet in the 21st century they’re being demonized.
When I talk to people who are anti-union, or
undecided, the first thing I point out to them (naturally) is the fact that
there is a long list of benefits most of us have today –safety regulations, a
40-hour week, overtime for hourly employees who go over that, sick leave,
vacation time, paid holidays –all of it won by unions.
“Well, sure,” they often
reply. “But that was the past. We don’t need unions anymore, we have all that
stuff.”
Here’s the deal. We have that stuff because people
struggled, and people died, to get it. Right here in the Upper Cumberland
region of Tennessee, there was violent suppression of the United Mine Workers
in the 1930s; it was even worse in West Virginia in the ‘20s. If you haven’t
seen the film Matewan, you need to
–and you should read about Tennessee’s Wilder strike HERE.
If all those gains are allowed to be lost, someone
else is going to have to struggle to get them back. And inaction will
inevitably lead to their loss. Why
has there been such a right-to-work battle in the Midwest, traditionally a
strong union area? Because in the 2010 midterm elections there was a lot of
apathy among progressives because President Obama’s promised change wasn’t
coming fast enough, and a lot of them stayed home on the day of the midterm
elections. And a conservative wave passed through the state legislatures of
this country, and now we are seeing the result. They may not have crippled the
power of unions in Wisconsin and Ohio, but they did so in Michigan, “home base”
of the American labor movement… so they’re not going to quit trying.
But they can only succeed if we let them. The people, united, will never be defeated.
